Unit 0210-13% of exam11 lessons

Cell Structure & Function

Organelles, membranes, transport, and how compartmentalization enables life.

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Lessons

2.1Cell Structure: Subcellular ComponentsEukaryotic organelles are membrane-bound compartments that specialize distinct cellular functions.
2.2Cell SizeThe surface area-to-volume ratio constrains how large a cell can grow while remaining metabolically efficient.
2.3Plasma MembranesThe plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins that defines the cell and controls exchange with its environment.
2.4Membrane PermeabilityThe hydrophobic core of the membrane makes it selectively permeable, freely admitting some molecules while blocking others.
2.5Membrane TransportCells move materials across membranes passively down gradients or actively against them using energy.
2.6Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated diffusion uses channel and carrier proteins to passively move polar or charged solutes down their gradient.
2.7Tonicity and OsmoregulationWater moves osmotically toward higher solute concentration, and organisms use osmoregulation to manage this movement.
2.8Mechanisms of TransportThe type of transport mechanism a cell uses - passive, active, or bulk - depends on the size, polarity, and gradient of the transported substance.
2.9Cell CompartmentalizationInternal membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into distinct compartments, each maintaining conditions suited to its specialized reactions.
2.10Origins of Cell CompartmentalizationMembrane-bound organelles likely evolved through infolding of the plasma membrane and, for mitochondria and chloroplasts, through endosymbiosis.
2.9 (math)Water Potential & OsmoregulationCalculating Ψ and predicting the direction of water movement - a guaranteed AP math skill.

Figure · reference

Eukaryotic animal cell with labeled organelles

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