Unit 0810-15% of exam7 lessons

Ecology

Populations, communities, ecosystems, and biodiversity.

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Lessons

8.1Responses to the EnvironmentOrganisms respond to environmental stimuli through innate and learned behaviors that increase fitness.
8.2Energy Flow Through EcosystemsEnergy enters ecosystems via producers and flows unidirectionally through trophic levels, with substantial loss at each transfer.
8.3Population EcologyPopulations grow exponentially under ideal conditions but logistically as resources become limiting, and life-history strategies reflect trade-offs shaped by selection.
8.4Effect of Density on PopulationsDensity-dependent factors intensify as population density increases, while density-independent factors affect populations regardless of size.
8.5Community EcologyInterspecific interactions - competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism - structure biological communities and drive coevolution and succession.
8.6BiodiversityBiodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels underlies ecosystem stability, productivity, and resilience.
8.7Disruptions to EcosystemsNatural disturbances and human activities disrupt ecosystems and reduce biodiversity, though conservation strategies can mitigate these impacts.

Figure · reference

Terrestrial food web with energy pyramid and 10% rule

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