Unit 0713-20% of exam13 lessons

Natural Selection

Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg, speciation, and phylogeny.

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7.1Introduction to Natural SelectionEvolution is a change in allele frequencies over time, driven by heritable variation and differential survival/reproduction.
7.2Natural SelectionWhen heritable variation leads to differential survival and reproduction, allele frequencies shift - this is natural selection.
7.3Artificial SelectionHumans mimic natural selection by intentionally choosing which organisms reproduce, revealing how selection can rapidly shape populations.
7.4Population GeneticsPopulation genetics quantifies allele and genotype frequencies within a gene pool, providing the mathematical basis for tracking evolution.
7.5Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumThe Hardy-Weinberg model is a null hypothesis of a non-evolving population, used to detect and quantify evolutionary change.
7.6Evidence of EvolutionMultiple independent lines of evidence - fossils, biogeography, and comparative anatomy - converge to support the fact of evolution.
7.7Common AncestryShared anatomical, developmental, and molecular features across organisms provide strong evidence that all life descends from common ancestors.
7.8Continuing EvolutionEvolution is an ongoing process that continues to shape populations in the present, not a historical event confined to the deep past.
7.9PhylogenyPhylogenetic trees and cladograms visually represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics.
7.10SpeciationNew species arise when populations become reproductively isolated and accumulate genetic differences that prevent interbreeding.
7.11ExtinctionExtinction - the permanent loss of a species - is a normal part of evolutionary history, sometimes occurring in mass events that reshape biodiversity.
7.12Variations in PopulationsThe amount and type of variation in a population influences its capacity to survive environmental change and to evolve in response to selection.
7.13Origin of Life on EarthScientific hypotheses propose that life arose from simple organic molecules formed under early Earth conditions, eventually leading to self-replicating, membrane-bound cells.

Figure · reference

Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive natural selection

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